Naval Ordnance Database

Classification: UNCLASSIFIED // OSINT Created: 2026-03-28 Last Updated: 2026-03-28 Source Reliability: B-2 (Usually Reliable / Probably True) -- compiled from NavWeaps, Weaponsystems.net, Jane's, SIPRI, GlobalSecurity.org, Wikipedia (cross-referenced), CAT-UXO, Covert Shores, manufacturer data sheets Purpose: Comprehensive EOD reference for naval ordnance identification, hazard assessment, and clearance planning

SAFETY WARNING: This document is for IDENTIFICATION AND AWARENESS ONLY. It does NOT replace official EOD technical publications (60-series pubs, NAVEODFLTDIV, JODIC). Always refer to current TMs for render-safe procedures. When in doubt, withdraw and call higher.

---

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Torpedoes -- Russian/Soviet

1. SET-65
2. USET-80
3. UGST "Fizik"
4. TEST-71MKE
5. VA-111 Shkval
6. APR-3/APR-3E

Torpedoes -- Chinese

1. Yu-6
2. Yu-7
3. Yu-8
4. Yu-11

Torpedoes -- DPRK

1. CHT-02D

Torpedoes -- Iranian

1. Hoot
2. Valfajr

Torpedoes -- Western

1. Mk 48 ADCAP/Mod 7
2. Mk 46
3. Mk 50 Barracuda
4. Mk 54
5. MU90 Impact
6. Sting Ray
7. Black Shark
8. A244/S

Depth Charges & ASW Rockets

1. RGB-60 (RBU-6000 System)
2. Western Depth Charges (Mk 11, Mk 44)

Naval Mines -- Russian/Soviet

1. MDM-1
2. MDM-3
3. MDM-5/MDM-6
4. UDM-2
5. UDM-500
6. PMR-1/PMR-2
7. SMDM

Naval Mines -- Chinese

1. EM-11
2. EM-31/EM-32
3. EM-52 (Te-1)
4. EM-56
5. EM-57

Naval Mines -- Iranian

1. SADAF-01/SADAF-02
2. Maham Series
3. Iranian Limpet Mines

Naval Mines -- Western

1. Mk 60 CAPTOR
2. Mk 62/63/64 Quickstrike
3. Mk 65 Quickstrike
4. Mk 67 SLMM

Historical Mine Types

1. Hertz Horn Contact Mines

Naval Gun Rounds -- Russian

1. 130mm AK-130
2. 100mm AK-100/A-190
3. 76mm AK-176
4. 57mm AK-725
5. 30mm AK-630

Naval Gun Rounds -- Chinese

1. 130mm H/PJ-38
2. 76mm H/PJ-26

Naval Gun Rounds -- Western

1. 5"/54 & 5"/62 Mk 45
2. 76mm OTO Melara
3. 57mm Bofors Mk3
4. 20mm Phalanx CIWS

Underwater Demolitions

1. Mk 138 Satchel Charge
2. Mk 36 Destructor
3. Limpet Mines (General)
4. M58 MICLIC Line Charge

EOD Hazard Reference

1. Otto Fuel II Hazards
2. Lithium Battery Hazards
3. Hydrogen Peroxide (HTP) Hazards

---

TORPEDOES -- RUSSIAN/SOVIET

---

SET-65

designation: "SET-65"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
year_introduced: 1965
type: "Heavyweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched, surface-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): SET-65
• Type: Heavyweight anti-submarine torpedo
• Country of Origin: Soviet Union
• In Service With: Russia, India, Iran, Syria, North Korea, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 7.8 m
• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: 1,740 kg
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 205 kg
• Fuzing: Contact fuze + 10 m radius magnetic proximity fuze

Performance

• Range: 16 km at 40 kt
• Speed: 40 kt
• Guidance: Active/passive acoustic homing (800 m homing range), wire guidance capable

Propulsion

• Type: Electric motor, twin contra-rotating propellers (wakeless)
• Power Source: Silver-zinc battery
• Depth Rating: Up to 400 m

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Silver-zinc battery (corrosive electrolyte, hydrogen gas generation), high-explosive warhead with dual fuzing
• Render Safe Considerations: Magnetic proximity fuze -- maintain safe standoff; contact fuze active on nose
• Notable Variants: Multiple homing system upgrades over service life

Sources

---

USET-80

designation: "USET-80"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
year_introduced: ~1980
type: "Heavyweight universal torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): USET-80, USET-80K
• Type: Heavyweight universal (ASW + anti-surface) torpedo
• Country of Origin: Soviet Union
• In Service With: Russia (Project 955 Borei class, others)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 7.9 m
• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: 2,000 kg
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 200-300 kg
• Fuzing: Contact and acoustic proximity

Performance

• Range: 18 km
• Speed: 45 kt
• Guidance: Passive acoustic homing (ASW), active acoustic terminal homing, wake homing (anti-surface). No wire guidance.

Propulsion

• Type: Electric motor
• Power Source: Battery (electric propulsion enables deep diving)
• Depth Rating: Possibly 1,000 m+

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Deep-diving capability means recovery at extreme depths; battery electrolyte hazards
• Render Safe Considerations: Dual-mode fuzing; acoustic proximity fuze may activate near noise sources

Sources

---

UGST Fizik

designation: "UGST (Fizik-1)"
nato_designation: "N/A"
country_of_origin: "Russia"
year_introduced: ~2002
type: "Heavyweight universal torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): UGST, Fizik-1; successor: Futlyar (Fizik-2)
• Type: Heavyweight universal torpedo (ASW + anti-surface)
• Country of Origin: Russia
• Manufacturer: Dagdizel (Makhachkala)
• In Service With: Russia, India (export variant)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 7,200 mm (7.2 m)
• Diameter: 534.4 mm
• Weight: 2,200 kg
• Warhead Type: HE, modular
• Warhead Weight: Up to 300 kg
• Fuzing: Contact and non-contact hydroacoustic target sensors

Performance

• Range: 40 km
• Speed: 50 kt
• Guidance: Passive wake homing, phased array active sonar, wire guidance (improved system)
• Depth Rating: Operating depth up to 500 m; submarine firing depth up to 400 m

Propulsion

• Type: Thermal (axial piston engine, Otto-type liquid fuel)
• Notable: Two-plane rudders extend beyond torpedo caliber after tube exit to reduce noise

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: OTTO FUEL -- toxic, flammable monopropellant (see hazard section below); thermal engine creates fire risk
• Render Safe Considerations: Active phased array sonar in nose; wire guidance trailing from tail
• Notable Variants: Futlyar (Fizik-2) is upgraded successor with greater range and AI-based countermeasure resistance

Sources

---

TEST-71MKE

designation: "TEST-71MKE"
nato_designation: "TEST-83"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
year_introduced: 1971 (original); 1994 (MKE export)
type: "Heavyweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): TEST-71, TEST-71M, TEST-71MKE (export)
• NATO Designation: TEST-83
• Type: Heavyweight wire-guided ASW torpedo
• Country of Origin: Soviet Union / Russia
• In Service With: Russia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Algeria, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 7.9 m
• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: 1,750 kg
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 205 kg (452 lb)
• Fuzing: Proximity (acoustic) and impact fuzes

Performance

• Range: 15-20 km
• Speed: Two-speed electric motor (search and attack speeds)
• Guidance: Sapfir active/passive acoustic seeker (800 m homing range); KTU-71 wire guidance telecontrol system
• Wire Guidance: Total wire 20 km (15 km on torpedo, 5 km on vessel); adjusts horizontal plane only, not depth

Propulsion

• Type: Electric motor, twin-speed
• Power Source: Silver-zinc batteries

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Silver-zinc battery corrosive electrolyte; wire trailing from tail section; acoustic proximity fuze
• Render Safe Considerations: Wire may still be connected to launching platform; proximity fuze sensitive to acoustic noise
• Notable Variants: TEST-71MKE is export variant with simplified electronics

Sources

---

VA-111 Shkval

designation: "VA-111 Shkval"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
year_introduced: 1977
type: "Supercavitating torpedo/rocket-torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): VA-111 Shkval (Squall)
• Type: Supercavitating underwater rocket-torpedo
• Country of Origin: Soviet Union / Russia
• Manufacturer: NII-24 / Region Scientific Production Association
• In Service With: Russia; exported variants reportedly to China, Iran (as Hoot)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
• Diameter: 533 mm (21 in)
• Weight: 2,700 kg (6,000 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE (conventional); original design nuclear-capable
• Warhead Weight: 210 kg (460 lb)

Performance

• Range: 11-15 km (newer versions)
• Speed: 200+ kt (370 km/h) -- launched at 50 kt, solid-fuel rocket accelerates to cavitation speed
• Guidance: Inertial only -- NO homing capability (fire-and-forget, straight-runner)

Propulsion

• Type: Solid-fuel rocket booster + combined-cycle gas turbine
• Supercavitation: Hot rocket exhaust diverted through nose vaporizes water, creating gas bubble envelope that reduces drag

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS:
  • Solid rocket propellant -- fire/explosion risk, toxic fumes
  • Possible nuclear warhead on older variants
  • No terminal guidance means it travels in a straight line at extreme speed -- unrecoverable once launched
• Render Safe Considerations: Solid rocket motor is primary hazard; treat as rocket motor RSP
• Notable Variants: Shkval-E (export, conventional only); Shkval-2 (rumored upgraded variant with homing)

Sources

---

APR-3/APR-3E

designation: "APR-3E (Orel / Eagle)"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
year_introduced: ~1990s (APR-3); APR-3M entered service 2019
type: "Airborne lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): APR-3 "Orel-M", APR-3E (export), APR-3M (modernized)
• Type: Air-dropped anti-submarine torpedo
• Country of Origin: Russia
• In Service With: Russia; APR-3E exported to India, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 3.6 m
• Diameter: 350 mm
• Weight: 525-550 kg (APR-3E); 470 kg (APR-3M)
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 74 kg

Performance

• Speed: 120 km/h (65 kt)
• Hit Probability: 85% against targets up to 45 kt
• Target Depth: Up to 800 m
• Minimum Water Depth: 100 m for air drop
• Sea State: Operable to Sea State 6

Guidance

• Type: Active-passive acoustic homing; spiral search pattern on water entry; engine activates only after target detection within 2,000 m radius

Propulsion

• APR-3: Turbojet using solid fuel
• APR-3E: Turbo-waterjet engine with composite solid fuel (export-compliant)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Solid fuel propulsion system -- fire/explosion risk; parachute/retardation system components
• Render Safe Considerations: Air-dropped weapon may be found with parachute assembly; solid fuel motor hazard

Sources

---

TORPEDOES -- CHINESE

---

Yu-6

designation: "Yu-6 (Fish-6)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
year_introduced: ~2005
type: "Heavyweight multi-purpose torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched, surface-launched, air-launched (via ASW missile)"

Identification

• Designation(s): Yu-6 (Fish-6)
• Type: Heavyweight multi-purpose torpedo
• Country of Origin: China
• Manufacturer: 705 Research Institute, China Shipbuilding Industry Group
• In Service With: PLAN (People's Liberation Army Navy)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: ~7 m (estimated)
• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: ~1,700-1,850 kg (estimated)
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: Not publicly confirmed

Performance

• Range: 45 km
• Speed: Up to 65 kt
• Guidance: Combined wire guidance + active/passive acoustic homing + wake homing (switchable by target type)

Propulsion

• Type: Liquid monopropellant -- Otto fuel II
• CRITICAL EOD HAZARD: Otto fuel II (see hazard section)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Otto fuel II propellant -- toxic, flammable; wire guidance trailing; multi-mode fuzing
• Render Safe Considerations: Similar hazard profile to Western Otto-fueled torpedoes
• Notable Variants: Multiple sub-variants with sensor upgrades

Sources

---

Yu-7

designation: "Yu-7 (Fish-7)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
year_introduced: ~1990s
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Yu-7 (Fish-7)
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo (based on Mk 46 technology)
• Country of Origin: China
• In Service With: PLAN

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.6-2.86 m
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in)
• Weight: 230-324 kg
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 44-45 kg

Performance

• Range: 9,500 m
• Speed: 40 kt
• Guidance: Active/passive acoustic homing
• Target Capture Probability: 90% (claimed, typical conditions)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Similar to Mk 46 -- possible Otto fuel propulsion
• Notable Variants: Being supplanted by Yu-11

Sources

---

Yu-8

designation: "Yu-8 (Fish-8)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
year_introduced: 2006
type: "Rocket-assisted torpedo / anti-submarine missile"
category: "VLS-launched, canister-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Yu-8; export variant: ET80
• Type: Rocket-assisted torpedo (hybrid missile-torpedo)
• Country of Origin: China
• Manufacturer: 705 Research Institute, CSIC
• In Service With: PLAN (Type 054A frigates, Type 052D destroyers)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: ~5 m (estimated from ET80 export variant)
• Diameter: ~0.4 m body
• Weight: Under 700 kg (ET80)
• Warhead: Torpedo payload with acoustic homing

Performance

• Flight Speed: Above Mach 1.5 (max); Mach 0.7 (terminal cruise)
• Range: 5-30 km
• Torpedo Sensor Range: 1,100-2,500 m

Deployment

• Launch Platform(s): VLS (shared with HQ-16); YJ-83 anti-ship missile canisters
• Concept: Missile booster carries torpedo payload to target area; torpedo separates and searches/attacks

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Rocket booster (solid fuel) + torpedo warhead -- dual hazard; booster debris may be found separately from torpedo section
• Render Safe Considerations: Treat rocket section and torpedo section as separate hazards

Sources

---

Yu-11

designation: "Yu-11 (Fish-11)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
year_introduced: ~2010s
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Yu-11 (Fish-11)
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo (successor to Yu-7)
• Country of Origin: China
• In Service With: PLAN

Physical Characteristics

• Length: ~3 m
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in)
• Weight: Heavier than Yu-7 (~300+ kg estimated)
• Warhead Type: HE

Performance

• Capability: Said to be comparable to US Mk 50 Barracuda
• Guidance: Likely advanced acoustic homing with ECCM

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Possible stored chemical energy propulsion (if comparable to Mk 50) -- lithium-based fuel system
• Note: Limited OSINT data available; specifications largely classified

Sources

---

TORPEDOES -- DPRK

---

CHT-02D

designation: "CHT-02D"
country_of_origin: "North Korea (DPRK)"
year_introduced: Unknown (pre-2010)
type: "Heavyweight torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): CHT-02D
• Type: Heavyweight anti-ship torpedo
• Country of Origin: North Korea (DPRK)
• In Service With: DPRK (Korean People's Navy)
• Export Status: Marketed for export; brochures provided to foreign countries

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 7.35 m
• Diameter: 533 mm (21 in)
• Weight: 1,700 kg (1.7 tons)
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: Up to 250 kg NET explosive weight

Performance

• Range: Short range (exact figure not publicly confirmed)
• Guidance: Acoustic/wake homing + passive acoustic tracking; NO wire guidance

Deployment

• Launch Platform(s): Yono-class midget submarines (2 torpedoes each), Salmon-class submarines, other DPRK submarine types

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard heavyweight torpedo hazards; warhead and propulsion
• NOTABLE INCIDENT: CHT-02D used to sink ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772) on 26 March 2010; torpedo parts recovered matched DPRK export brochure schematics exactly
• Render Safe Considerations: Limited technical intelligence on internal components

Sources

---

TORPEDOES -- IRANIAN

---

Hoot

designation: "Hoot"
country_of_origin: "Iran"
year_introduced: ~2006 (publicly revealed)
type: "Supercavitating torpedo"
category: "Submarine/surface-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Hoot (meaning "Whale")
• Type: Supercavitating underwater rocket-torpedo
• Country of Origin: Iran (reverse-engineered from Russian VA-111 Shkval)
• In Service With: Iran (IRIN, IRGC-N)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: ~8.2 m (based on Shkval dimensions)
• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: ~2,700 kg (based on Shkval)
• Warhead Type: HE (conventional)
• Warhead Weight: 210 kg

Performance

• Speed: ~360 km/h (220 mph / ~200 kt)
• Range: 6-8 nm (11-15 km)
• Guidance: Inertial only (straight runner, no homing)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Identical to VA-111 Shkval -- solid rocket propellant, fire/explosion risk
• Intelligence Note: Iranian manufacturing quality may differ from Russian original; potential for reliability/safety issues

Sources

---

Valfajr

designation: "Valfajr"
country_of_origin: "Iran"
year_introduced: 2011 (presented); mass production 2015
type: "Heavyweight torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Valfajr (meaning "Dawn")
• Type: Heavyweight anti-ship torpedo with acoustic homing
• Country of Origin: Iran
• Manufacturer: Iranian Ministry of Defence
• In Service With: Iran (Ghadir-class submarines, others)

Physical Characteristics

• Diameter: 533 mm
• Weight: Not publicly confirmed
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 220-300 kg
• Visual Features: Domed nose, cylindrical body, two five-bladed contra-rotating propellers in four-finned stabilizer assembly

Performance

• Guidance: Acoustic homing with claimed anti-deception and anti-jamming capabilities

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard heavyweight torpedo hazards; propulsion system type not publicly confirmed
• Intelligence Note: Iranian indigenous torpedo; actual performance vs. claimed capabilities uncertain

Sources

---

TORPEDOES -- WESTERN

---

Mk 48 ADCAP/Mod 7

designation: "Mk 48 Mod 7 CBASS"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1972 (original); 2006 (Mod 7 IOC)
type: "Heavyweight multi-purpose torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Mk 48, Mk 48 ADCAP (Advanced Capability), Mk 48 Mod 7 CBASS (Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System)
• Type: Heavyweight torpedo (ASW + anti-surface)
• Country of Origin: United States
• Manufacturer: Gould/Honeywell (original); various contractors for mods
• In Service With: USN, RAN (Australia), RCN (Canada), Brazil, Netherlands, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 5.8 m (19 ft)
• Diameter: 533 mm (21 in)
• Weight: 1,676 kg (3,695 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE (PBXN-103)
• Warhead Weight: 292.5 kg (650 lb)
• Fuzing: Contact and proximity

Performance

• Speed: 55+ kt
• Range: Classified (estimated 38+ km)
• Depth Rating: 800+ m (2,600+ ft)
• Guidance: Wire-guided with active/passive acoustic homing; Mod 7 CBASS broadband sonar with enhanced shallow-water/countermeasure resistance

Propulsion

• CRITICAL: Piston engine (swashplate cam engine) using OTTO FUEL II (liquid monopropellant)
• Drive: Contra-rotating propellers in pump-jet shroud

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS:
  • Otto Fuel II -- toxic liquid monopropellant; headaches, nausea, respiratory distress on exposure; produces hydrogen cyanide if vaporized and decomposed; fire risk
  • Large HE warhead (292.5 kg PBXN-103)
  • High-pressure fuel system
• Render Safe Considerations: Fuel may be leaking from damaged torpedo; approach with SCBA; wire may trail to submarine
• Hazard Classification: 1.1D (mass explosion hazard with HE warhead)

Sources

---

Mk 46

designation: "Mk 46"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1966
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Mk 46 Mod 0 through Mod 5A(S) (NEARTIP)
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo
• Country of Origin: United States
• In Service With: USN, 20+ allied navies; also used in Mk 60 CAPTOR mine

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.6 m (102.4 in)
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in)
• Weight: 235 kg (518 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE (PBXN-103)
• Warhead Weight: 45 kg (100 lb)

Performance

• Range: 8 km (11 km with NEARTIP two-speed motor)
• Speed: 40-45 kt
• Depth Rating: 450 m
• Guidance: Active/passive acoustic homing

Propulsion

• CRITICAL: Reciprocating external combustion engine using OTTO FUEL II
• Engine: ~85 hp, drives contra-rotating propellers
• Fuel Load: ~27 kg (59 lb) of Otto fuel II
• Note: Original Mod 0 used solid propellant; all subsequent mods use Otto fuel

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS:
  • Otto Fuel II -- same hazards as Mk 48 (toxic, fire risk, HCN production)
  • HE warhead (PBXN-103)
• Render Safe Considerations: Most widely exported US torpedo; encountered globally in UXO scenarios
• Notable Variants: Mod 5A(S) NEARTIP is current USN variant; Mod 2 widely exported

Sources

---

Mk 50 Barracuda

designation: "Mk 50 Barracuda"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1988
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Mk 50, Barracuda, ALWT (Advanced Lightweight Torpedo)
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo
• Country of Origin: United States
• Manufacturer: Honeywell / Alliant Techsystems
• In Service With: USN (limited quantities)

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.88 m (111 in)
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in)
• Weight: 337-362 kg (775 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE shaped charge
• Warhead Weight: ~45 kg (100 lb)

Performance

• Range: 15 km
• Speed: 50+ kt
• Depth Rating: 600+ m (significantly deeper than Mk 46)
• Guidance: Active/passive acoustic homing with advanced ECCM

Propulsion

• CRITICAL -- STORED CHEMICAL ENERGY PROPULSION SYSTEM (SCEPS):
  • Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas sprayed over solid lithium block
  • Generates extreme heat, creates steam
  • Steam drives closed Rankine cycle engine powering pump-jet
• NO Otto Fuel -- different hazard profile than Mk 46/48

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS:
  • LITHIUM METAL -- reacts violently with water; fire produces toxic lithium oxide fumes
  • Sulfur hexafluoride -- asphyxiant in enclosed spaces (displaces oxygen)
  • Shaped charge warhead -- directional blast hazard
  • SCEPS system may self-ignite if damaged and lithium contacts moisture
• Render Safe Considerations: DO NOT submerge damaged SCEPS section in water; lithium-water reaction hazard; approach with extreme caution if propulsion section is breached
• Hazard Classification: 1.1D

Sources

---

Mk 54

designation: "Mk 54"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 2004
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Mk 54 LHT (Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo), MAKO
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo
• Country of Origin: United States
• Manufacturer: Raytheon
• In Service With: USN, Australia, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.71 m
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in)
• Weight: 275.7 kg (608 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 43.9 kg (97 lb)

Performance

• Guidance: Mk 50 homing section (advanced acoustic) + Mk 46 propulsion/warhead sections
• Optimized for: Shallow water ASW, advanced countermeasure resistance

Propulsion

• Type: Otto fuel II reciprocating engine (from Mk 46)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Otto fuel II (from Mk 46 propulsion section); HE warhead
• Note: Hybrid design -- Mk 50 guidance electronics forward, Mk 46 engine/warhead aft

Sources

---

MU90 Impact

designation: "MU90 Impact"
country_of_origin: "France / Italy"
year_introduced: 2001
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): MU90, MU90 Impact, MU90/A
• Type: Third-generation lightweight ASW torpedo
• Manufacturer: EuroTorp (DCNS/Naval Group + Leonardo/WASS)
• In Service With: France, Italy, Australia, Germany, Denmark, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2,850 mm (2.85 m)
• Diameter: 323.7 mm (NATO standard)
• Weight: 304 kg
• Warhead Type: Shaped charge (anti-submarine hull penetration)
• Warhead Weight: 32.7 kg V350 PBX (polymer-bonded explosive, insensitive munition)

Performance

• Speed: 29+ kt (silent mode to 50+ kt dash)
• Range: 11,000 m (max speed); 23,000 m (low speed)
• Launch Speed Tolerance: Up to 400 kt (740 km/h) -- air-droppable at high speed
• Guidance: Advanced acoustic homing with target classification AI; discriminates decoys, anechoic coatings, bottomed submarines

Propulsion

• Type: Electric pump-jet (battery powered)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: PBX warhead (insensitive munition -- reduced accidental detonation risk but still lethal); shaped charge directional hazard
• Render Safe Considerations: Shaped charge warhead -- avoid standing in line with warhead axis

Sources

---

Sting Ray

designation: "Sting Ray Mod 1"
country_of_origin: "United Kingdom"
year_introduced: 1983 (original); Mod 1 2006
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Sting Ray, Sting Ray Mod 1
• Type: Lightweight ASW torpedo
• Manufacturer: BAE Systems (originally Marconi)
• In Service With: Royal Navy, Thailand, Egypt, Norway, others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.6 m (8.5 ft)
• Diameter: 330 mm (13 in) -- NOTE: slightly wider than NATO 324 mm standard
• Weight: 267 kg (589 lb)
• Warhead Type: HE (Torpex); Mod 1 has insensitive munition warhead
• Warhead Weight: 45 kg (99 lb)
• Mod 1 Warhead: Generates isotropic blast effect + directional jet of molten metal for hull penetration

Performance

• Speed: 45 kt
• Range: 8,000 m (4.3 nmi)
• Guidance: Active/passive acoustic homing

Propulsion

• Type: Electric (seawater battery)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: HE warhead (Mod 0: Torpex -- sensitive to shock; Mod 1: insensitive munition)
• Render Safe Considerations: Mod 1 directed-energy warhead -- avoid axis of charge

Sources

---

Black Shark

designation: "Black Shark / Black Shark Advanced (BSA)"
country_of_origin: "Italy"
year_introduced: ~2004 (original); BSA ~2018
type: "Heavyweight torpedo"
category: "Submarine-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): Black Shark, Black Shark Advanced (BSA)
• Type: Heavyweight dual-purpose torpedo (ASW + anti-surface)
• Manufacturer: Leonardo/WASS (Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei)
• In Service With: Italy, Chile, India (contender), others

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 6,300 mm (6.3 m)
• Diameter: 533.4 mm
• Weight: ~1,300 kg (estimated)
• Warhead Type: Insensitive munition (STANAG 4439 / MURAT-2 compliant)

Performance

• Speed: Up to 50 kt
• Range: 50+ km
• Guidance: Fiber-optic wire guidance + ASTRA multi-frequency acoustic homing sonar suite; advanced ECCM; multi-target engagement capable

Propulsion

• Type: Silver oxide-aluminum (Al-AgO) battery; contra-rotating direct-drive brushless motor; skewed propellers for low noise

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Silver oxide battery -- corrosive; aluminum reaction potential; insensitive munition warhead (reduced accidental detonation risk)
• Render Safe Considerations: Fiber-optic wire (not metallic) -- may be difficult to detect; battery may produce toxic gases if breached

Sources

---

A244/S

designation: "A244/S Mod 3"
country_of_origin: "Italy"
year_introduced: 1980s (original); Mod 3 current
type: "Lightweight ASW torpedo"
category: "Surface-launched, air-launched"

Identification

• Designation(s): A244/S, A244/S Mod 3
• Type: Lightweight fire-and-forget ASW torpedo
• Manufacturer: Leonardo/WASS
• In Service With: Italy, Indonesia, and 20+ navies worldwide

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 2.70-2.75 m
• Diameter: 324 mm (12.75 in, NATO standard)
• Weight: 221 kg (Mod 0/1); under 265 kg (Mod 3)
• Warhead Type: HE
• Warhead Weight: 45.4 kg (100 lb)

Performance

• Speed: 37-38+ kt
• Range: 6,500 m at max speed (Mod 0/1); 10 km at high speed / 13.5 km at low speed (Mod 3)
• Guidance: Acoustic homing (fire-and-forget)

Propulsion

• Type: Electric motor
• Battery: Mod 3 uses non-toxic seawater-activated battery

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: HE warhead; battery electrolyte (older mods may use toxic battery chemistry; Mod 3 seawater battery is safer)
• Render Safe Considerations: Compatible with USN Mk 32 torpedo tubes -- may be encountered on many platform types

Sources

---

DEPTH CHARGES & ASW ROCKETS

---

RGB-60 (RBU-6000 System)

designation: "RGB-60 / RBU-6000 Smerch-2"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
year_introduced: 1960-1961
type: "Rocket-propelled depth charge"
category: "Ship-launched ASW rocket"

Identification

• Designation(s): RGB-60 depth charge; fired from RBU-6000 Smerch-2 launcher
• Type: Rocket-propelled ASW depth charge
• Country of Origin: Soviet Union
• In Service With: Russia, China, India, 20+ navies

RGB-60 Depth Charge

• Weight: 110 kg
• Warhead Weight: 25 kg HE
• Diameter: 212 mm
• Length: 1.83 m
• Range: 350-5,800 m
• Operating Depth: 10-500 m

90R Guided Variant

• Weight: 112.5 kg
• Warhead Weight: 19.5 kg
• Range: 600-4,300 m
• Effective Radius: 130 m
• Target Depth: 0-1,000 m

RBU-6000 Launcher

• Weight (empty): 3,100 kg
• Configuration: 12 barrels in horseshoe arrangement
• Elevation: -15 deg to +60 deg
• Traverse: 180 deg
• Fire Control: Burya system (automatic)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Rocket motor (solid propellant); HE warhead; hydrostatic fuze
• Render Safe Considerations: Unfired rounds may be found in launcher wreckage; rocket motor hazard; depth fuze may be armed
• Note: RBU-6000 has been adapted for land warfare in Ukraine conflict -- may find these projectiles in terrestrial UXO context

Sources

---

Western Depth Charges

Mk 11 Depth Charge (UK)

• Type: Airborne depth charge for shallow water ASW
• Manufacturer: BAE Systems
• Length: 914.4 mm
• Diameter: 123.8 mm
• Weight: 12 kg
• Warhead: 2.5 kg PBX shaped charge
• Operating Depth: 15-300 m
• Delivery: Maritime aircraft, helicopters

Mk 44 Depth Bomb (US)

• Type: Aerial HE depth bomb (WWII era, retired)
• Weight: 159 kg (350 lb)
• Fill: HE
• Note: Historical -- no longer in US service

Sources

---

NAVAL MINES -- RUSSIAN/SOVIET

---

MDM-1

designation: "MDM-1"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
type: "Bottom influence mine"
deployment: "Submarine (533mm tube), surface ship"

Physical Characteristics

• Diameter: 533 mm (submarine-compatible)
• Explosive Charge: 1,120 kg TNT equivalent
• Deployment Depth: 12-120 m
• Deployment Speed: Submarine up to 8 kt; surface ship up to 15 kt

Fuzing

• Type: Electromagnetic and acoustic influence

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Very large explosive charge (1,120 kg); influence fuzing -- DO NOT approach with magnetic signature or noise
• Render Safe Considerations: Submarine-deployed means covert placement; bottom mine camouflaged by sediment over time

Sources

---

MDM-3

designation: "MDM-3"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
type: "Bottom influence mine (export)"
deployment: "Aircraft, surface ship"

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 1.5 m
• Diameter: 450 mm
• Weight: 590 kg
• Explosive Charge: 300 kg TNT equivalent
• Deployment Depth: Up to 30 m (shallow water)

Fuzing

• Type: Three-channel: acoustic, electromagnetic, and pressure influence

Deployment

• Ships at up to 15 kt; aircraft at up to 620 mph

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Triple-channel influence fuzing -- pressure channel is nearly impossible to sweep conventionally
• Export Status: Designed for export -- may be encountered in multiple theaters
• Render Safe Considerations: Small size makes detection difficult; shallow water deployment

Sources

---

MDM-5/MDM-6

designation: "MDM-5, MDM-6"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
type: "Bottom influence mine (super-large)"
deployment: "Aircraft, surface ship, submarine"

Key Details

• MDM-5: Aircraft-droppable bottom mine; similar parameters to MDM-2; classified as "super-large"
• MDM-6: Super-large bottom mine; limited OSINT data available
• Both: Influence fuzing (acoustic/electromagnetic/pressure combinations)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Super-large class -- explosive charges likely 500-1,000+ kg; influence fuzing
• Note: Limited publicly available specifications -- refer to classified references

Sources

---

UDM-2

designation: "UDM-2"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
type: "Aircraft-delivered bottom influence mine (super-large)"
deployment: "Aircraft"

Physical Characteristics

• Diameter: 650 mm
• Length: 2.79 m
• Weight: 1,370-1,500 kg
• Warhead Weight: 800 kg
• Deployment Depth: 12-125 m
• Active Life: 1 year (then self-destructs)

Deployment

• Aircraft at speeds up to 1,000 km/h; altitudes 500+ m
• Parachute-retarded

Fuzing

• Type: Magnetic influence

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: 800 kg warhead -- massive blast radius; influence fuzing; self-destruct mechanism (timer) may malfunction and leave mine armed indefinitely
• Render Safe Considerations: Self-destruct timer may be unreliable -- assume mine is live regardless of age
• Aircraft Used: Be-12, Il-38N

Sources

---

UDM-500

designation: "UDM-500"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
type: "Aircraft-delivered bottom influence mine (small)"
deployment: "Aircraft"

Key Details

• Classification: Small bottom mine
• Features: Braking parachute for air delivery
• Deployment Depth: Over 8 m (26 ft)
• Fuzing: Magnetic/acoustic influence; remote-control capability available
• Active Life: Extended (specific duration not confirmed)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Influence fuzing; possible remote-control detonation capability
• Render Safe Considerations: Remote control feature means mine could theoretically be command-detonated; maintain standoff

Sources

---

PMR-1/PMR-2

designation: "PMR-1, PMR-2"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
type: "Rocket-rising anti-submarine mine"
deployment: "Bottom-laid"

Key Details

• Type: Anti-submarine mine-missiles -- use fast-homing underwater rockets to attack targets
• Development: ~1960s (10-year development); PMR-2 entered service 1975
• Concept: Laid on sea floor; acoustic detection/classification system determines target course and depth; launches rocket to intercept

PMR-2 Features

• Third-generation rising mine
• Acoustic detection and classification
• Optimizes intercept trajectory before rocket launch
• No foreign equivalents at time of development

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Contains rocket motor + explosive warhead; acoustic fuzing/detection system may activate during approach
• Render Safe Considerations: Rocket motor may launch if triggered -- do not approach from above; maintain lateral distance; acoustic detection means noise discipline is critical
• Intelligence Value: Unique Soviet system with no Western equivalent

Sources

---

SMDM

designation: "SMDM-1, SMDM-2 (MDS-1)"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
type: "Self-propelled bottom mine"
deployment: "Submarine (533mm torpedo tube)"

Physical Characteristics

• Tube Compatibility: 533 mm torpedo tubes
• Explosive Charge: 300 kg
• Range (self-propelled): 17 km (MDS-1 variant)
• Service Entry: 1979

Operational Concept

• Launched from submarine torpedo tube
• Travels along programmed route using torpedo propulsion
• Settles on seabed at destination
• Assumes combat position, activates acoustic/electromagnetic/hydrodynamic sensors
• Active for up to 1 year; then self-destructs
• Detonates when target within 40 m

Deployment Depths

• SMDM-1: 4-100 m (13-328 ft)
• SMDM-2: 8-150 m (26-492 ft)

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Self-propelled -- may be found far from expected minefields; triple-influence fuzing; 300 kg charge; self-destruct timer may malfunction
• Render Safe Considerations: Covertly delivered (submarine) -- no surface evidence of minelaying; may settle into sediment and be difficult to locate
• Intelligence Note: Can mine areas that surface minelayers cannot reach

Sources

---

NAVAL MINES -- CHINESE

---

EM-11

designation: "EM-11"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
type: "Contact/moored mine"

Key Details

• Type: Contact mine
• Deployment: Surface ship
• Note: Limited OSINT data available; early-generation Chinese mine based on Soviet designs

Sources

---

EM-31/EM-32

designation: "EM-31, EM-32"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
type: "Moored mines"

Key Details

• Type: Moored influence mines
• Depth Limitation: Limited by mooring cable/chain length to waters shallower than 200 m
• Fuzing: Influence (acoustic/magnetic)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Moored mines may drift if cable breaks; influence fuzing
• Render Safe Considerations: Cable/chain anchoring system; mine may surface if mooring fails

Sources

---

EM-52 (Te-1)

designation: "EM-52 / Te-1 (Specialized-1)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
type: "Rocket-propelled rising mine"

Physical Characteristics

• Length: ~3.7 m
• Diameter: 0.45 m (450 mm)
• Warhead: 140 kg HE (some sources: 600 lb / 272 kg)
• Deployment Depth: Up to 200 m (surface ship delivery)
• Rocket Speed: Greater than 50 m/s

Fuzing

• Type: Multiple-influence: acoustic, magnetic, and pressure actuation

Operational Concept

• Bottom-laid mine with rocket-propelled rising warhead
• Detects target via acoustic/magnetic/pressure sensors
• Launches rocket upward to intercept passing vessel

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Rocket motor + HE warhead; triple-influence fuzing; rocket may launch during EOD approach
• Render Safe Considerations: Similar hazards to Russian PMR series; noise/magnetic discipline critical; rocket launch hazard overhead
• Export Concern: China has exported mine warfare technology extensively

Sources

---

EM-56

designation: "EM-56"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
type: "Self-propelled bottom mine"
deployment: "Submarine-launched"

Key Details

• Concept: Uses obsolete torpedo body; launched from submarine torpedo tube
• Operation: Travels pre-determined course, torpedo engine shuts off at target area, mine sinks to bottom, operates as standard bottom mine
• Fuzing: Acoustic, seismic, and pressure sensors
• Range: Up to 45 km (self-propelled); 13 km startup off-capability

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Similar to Russian SMDM -- self-propelled means covert delivery far from expected minefields
• Render Safe Considerations: May be found in areas where minelaying was not observed; triple-influence fuzing

Sources

---

EM-57

designation: "EM-57"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
type: "Remote-controlled bottom mine"
deployment: "Aircraft, surface ship"

Key Details

• Fuzing: Acoustic and magnetic influence + remote control capability
• Deployment Depth: 6-100 m
• Range (remote control): Up to 730 km (likely command link range, not self-propelled)
• Targets: Anti-submarine and anti-surface

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Remote control capability -- mine can be command-detonated at any time while communication link is active
• Render Safe Considerations: Electronic warfare/jamming may be needed to neutralize command link before approach

Sources

---

NAVAL MINES -- IRANIAN

---

SADAF-01/SADAF-02

designation: "SADAF-01, SADAF-02"
country_of_origin: "Iran"
type: "Contact mine (SADAF-01); anti-ship mine (SADAF-02)"

SADAF-01

• Type: Contact mine (Soviet-derived)
• Also Known As: MYAM; Iraqi designation "Al Mara"
• Design: Based on Soviet contact mine designs
• Fuzing: Contact (Hertz horn or similar)

SADAF-02

• Type: Anti-ship contact mine
• Maximum Depth: 100 m
• Targets: Surface and subsurface vessels
• Status: Unveiled by Iranian Navy; domestically produced

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Contact fuzing -- physical impact detonation; SADAF-01 may have degraded Soviet-era components
• Intelligence Note: Iran estimated to possess 2,000-6,000 naval mines total; deployed in Strait of Hormuz area (March 2026 reports)
• Render Safe Considerations: Contact mines -- approach with caution; Hertz horn type requires physical contact but may be very sensitive

Sources

---

Maham Series

designation: "Maham 3, Maham 4, Maham 7"
country_of_origin: "Iran"
type: "Influence/limpet mines"

Maham 7

• Type: Bottom influence mine ("sticking mine")
• Weight: 485 lb (~220 kg)
• Deployment Depth: 10-300 ft (3-91 m)
• Fuzing: Acoustic + three-axis magnetic influence sensors
• Targets: Medium-sized ships, landing craft, small submarines
• Deployment: Surface vessels, aircraft, helicopters
• Design Feature: Shape engineered to scatter incoming sonar waves -- complicates minesweeping detection

Maham 3

• Type: Moored naval mine
• Sensors: 1 magnetic + 2 passive acoustic sensors
• Activation: Electronic timer control
• Target Engagement: Within ~10 ft (~3 m)
• Configuration: Coded inputs for sensor settings

Maham 4

• Type: Limpet mine
• Note: Limited OSINT specifications available

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Maham 7 designed specifically to defeat minesweeping sonar; influence fuzing means magnetic/acoustic discipline required
• Intelligence Note: Maham series represents increasingly sophisticated Iranian indigenous mine capability
• Render Safe Considerations: Anti-sonar shaping makes detection extremely difficult; coded sensor configuration may resist standard countermeasures

Sources

---

Iranian Limpet Mines

General Characteristics

• Type: Diver-placed magnetic attachment mines
• Attachment: Magnets (attach to ship hull)
• Charge: Typically 1-2.5 kg HE (small) or up to 15+ kg (military grade)
• Fuzing: Delay timer (allows diver withdrawal)
• Deployment: Combat swimmers, IRGC-N frogmen, fast boats

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Attached to ship hulls -- underwater EOD response required; delay fuze may be short; anti-tamper devices possible
• Historical Context: Iran/IRGC-N used limpet mines against tankers in Persian Gulf (2019 Gulf of Oman incidents)
• Render Safe Considerations: Underwater approach; magnetic attachment may require prying/cutting; check for anti-lift switches

Sources

---

NAVAL MINES -- WESTERN

---

Mk 60 CAPTOR

designation: "Mk 60 CAPTOR"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1979
type: "Encapsulated torpedo mine (deep water ASW)"
deployment: "Aircraft, submarine, surface vessel"

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 157 in (3.99 m)
• Width: 37 in (0.94 m)
• Height: 30 in (0.76 m)
• Weight: 3,100 lb (1,406 kg)
• Payload: Mk 46 torpedo encapsulated in aluminum shell

Operational Concept

• Anchored to ocean floor in deep water (370+ m)
• Uses Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP) sound propagation for passive detection
• Classifies targets passively (discriminates submarines from surface ships/marine life)
• When hostile submarine detected: Mk 46 torpedo swims out of capsule and attacks
• Endurance: Weeks to months underwater

Fuzing/Targeting

• Detection: Passive acoustic sensors
• Classification: Onboard processor discriminates submarine signatures
• Attack: Mk 46 torpedo with its own acoustic homing

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS: Contains live Mk 46 torpedo (Otto fuel II + HE warhead) inside mine casing; anchor/mooring system
• Render Safe Considerations: Dual hazard -- mine casing + enclosed torpedo; Otto fuel hazard from Mk 46; torpedo may attempt to launch if mine detects acoustic target
• Status: US only deep-water ASW mine; limited quantities

Sources

---

Mk 62/63 Quickstrike

designation: "Mk 62, Mk 63, Mk 64"
country_of_origin: "United States"
type: "Aircraft-delivered bottom mine (converted bomb)"

Mk 62

• Basis: Mk 82 500 lb GP bomb body
• Weight: 531-570 lb (241-259 kg)
• Warhead: 192 lb (87 kg) H-6 explosive
• Length: 7 ft 5 in (2.25 m)
• Diameter: 10.8 in (274 mm)
• Maximum Depth: 300 ft (91.4 m)

Mk 63

• Basis: Mk 83 1,000 lb GP bomb body
• Weight: ~1,000 lb
• Similar fuzing to Mk 62

Mk 64

• Basis: Mk 84 2,000 lb GP bomb body
• Note: Larger charge version

Common Features

• Fuzing: Target Detection Device (TDD) -- acoustic, seismic, and/or pressure influence
• Deployment: Aircraft (Navy, Air Force) at 150 m altitude, 320 kt max
• Retardation: Parachute for controlled water entry

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard Mk 80-series bomb hazards + mine fuzing; H-6 explosive; influence fuzing
• Render Safe Considerations: Essentially a bomb with a mine fuze -- familiar bomb body but mine-specific TDD
• Note: Easy to confuse with standard GP bombs visually -- CHECK FOR TDD/MINE FUZE before treating as conventional bomb

Sources

---

Mk 65 Quickstrike

designation: "Mk 65"
country_of_origin: "United States"
type: "Purpose-built 2,000 lb class bottom mine"

Physical Characteristics

• Fin Span: 29 in (74 cm)
• Length: 128 in (325 cm)
• Weight: ~2,000 lb class
• Note: Purpose-built mine casing (NOT a converted bomb)

Fuzing

• Type: Acoustic, seismic, pressure influence (same TDD family as Mk 62/63)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Large explosive charge; influence fuzing; purpose-built mine
• Visual ID: Different from Mk 62/63/64 -- NOT a standard bomb body shape

Sources

---

Mk 67 SLMM

designation: "Mk 67 SLMM"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1983
type: "Submarine-launched mobile mine"

Physical Characteristics

• Length: 13 ft (161 in / 409 cm)
• Diameter: 19 in (48.5 cm)
• Weight: 1,765 lb (801 kg)
• Warhead: 330 lb (150 kg) HE
• Propulsion Vehicle: Modified Mk 37 torpedo body

Operational Concept

• Launched from submarine torpedo tube
• Propelled by modified Mk 37 torpedo motor to predetermined location
• Settles on bottom; operates as multiple-influence bottom mine
• Operating Depth: Less than 328 ft (100 m) -- shallow water only

Deployment

• Platforms: 688i (Improved Los Angeles class) SSNs

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: HE warhead + torpedo propulsion section; influence fuzing; covert placement
• Render Safe Considerations: May be found in areas where no surface minelaying was observed; modified torpedo body may be initially misidentified as torpedo UXO
• Visual ID: Looks like Mk 37 torpedo but with mine TDD in warhead section

Sources

---

HISTORICAL MINE TYPES

---

Hertz Horn Contact Mines

designation: "Hertz Horn Contact Mine (various)"
country_of_origin: "Various (German origin, 1868)"
type: "Moored contact mine"
status: "Historical but STILL ENCOUNTERED in harbors and shipping lanes worldwide"

Operating Principle

1. Upper hemisphere studded with hollow lead protuberances (horns)
2. Each horn contains glass vial filled with sulfuric acid
3. Ship hull crushes horn, cracking vial
4. Acid flows into lead-acid battery cell
5. Battery generates electrical current, detonates mine

Typical Specifications (British example)

• Total Weight: 650 lb (295 kg)
• Explosive Charge: 320 lb (145 kg) amatol
• Diameter: 38 in (96.5 cm)
• Number of Horns: 5 (typical)
• Mooring: Cable/chain to sinker anchor

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL -- STILL LETHAL AFTER 80+ YEARS:
  • WWI and WWII Hertz horn mines continue to be found in harbors and shipping lanes worldwide
  • Sulfuric acid vials may still be intact
  • Explosive fill (TNT/amatol) remains viable for decades underwater
  • Mooring cables corrode, causing mines to drift to surface (breakaway mines)
• Render Safe Considerations: Extremely sensitive -- ANY physical contact with a horn may detonate; corroded metal casings may be fragile; explosive fill may have become sensitized with age (exudation)
• Countries Affected: Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Western Pacific all have residual WWII mine contamination

Sources

---

NAVAL GUN ROUNDS -- RUSSIAN

---

130mm AK-130

designation: "AK-130 (A-218)"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
caliber: "130mm L/70"
type: "Twin automatic naval gun"

Ammunition

• Complete Cartridge Weight: 52.8 kg
• Rate of Fire: 90 rpm (45 per barrel)
• Maximum Range: ~29 km

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Various fuze types including proximity (radar) fuzes -- may arm in flight; large projectile (33.4 kg) with significant blast radius
• UXO Considerations: Proximity fuzes may fail to detonate, creating dud hazard with armed fuze; point-detonating fuzes standard UXO procedure
• In Service With: Russia (Sovremenny, Slava class), China (H/PJ-38 uses similar caliber)

Sources

---

100mm AK-100/A-190

designation: "AK-100 / A-190"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
caliber: "100mm L/70"

Ammunition

• Projectile Weight: 26.8 kg (59 lb)
• Types: HE anti-air (proximity fuze); HE fragmentation (point-detonating fuze)
• Ready Rounds: 174 rounds in two ammunition drums
• Rate of Fire: 60 rpm
• Max Range (surface): 21 km

A-190 (Modernized)

• Reduced weight (15 tons vs. heavier AK-100)
• Replacing AK-176 on smaller vessels
• Same ammunition

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Proximity-fuzed rounds -- armed fuze UXO hazard; 26.8 kg projectile
• In Service With: Russia, India, China (derivative designs)

Sources

---

76mm AK-176

designation: "AK-176 / AK-176M"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
caliber: "76.2mm L/60"

Ammunition

• Ready Rounds: 152
• Rate of Fire: 30, 60, or 120 rpm (selectable)
• Types: HE fragmentation, airburst
• Note: 120 rpm limited to 75-round bursts, then 30-min cooling required
• Proved Effectiveness: Average 25 rounds to defeat AT-2 Swatter (simulating Harpoon ASM)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard 76mm projectile UXO; possible airburst fuze variants
• In Service With: Russia, China (H/PJ-26 derivative), India, others (30+ navies)

Sources

---

57mm AK-725

designation: "AK-725 (ZIF-72)"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union"
caliber: "57mm L/75"
year_introduced: 1964

Ammunition

• Cartridge: 57x348mm
• Feed: 550-round belts
• Rate of Fire: 200 rpm (twin barrels)
• Barrel Life: 750+ rounds (improved barrels)
• Cooling: Water cooled

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard 57mm projectile UXO
• In Service With: Russia (older vessels), exported widely

Sources

---

30mm AK-630

designation: "AK-630 (AO-18)"
country_of_origin: "Soviet Union / Russia"
caliber: "30mm L/54"
type: "Six-barrel rotary CIWS"

Ammunition

• Type: 30mm HE-I, HE-T, AP-T
• Feed: Belt (1,000-2,000 rounds ready)
• Rate of Fire: 4,000-5,000 rpm
• Purpose: Close-in defense against anti-ship missiles

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Small caliber but large quantities fired; HE-I rounds may be UXO; possible depleted uranium or tungsten AP variants
• In Service With: Russia, India, China, others

Sources

---

NAVAL GUN ROUNDS -- CHINESE

---

130mm H/PJ-38

designation: "H/PJ-38 (H/PJ-45)"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
caliber: "130mm"

Key Details

• Platforms: Type 052D destroyers (and successors)
• Ammunition: Separate loading and semi-fixed rounds; gun-launched missiles; PGMs; sub-caliber rounds
• Rate of Fire: ~40 rpm
• Design Year: 2005

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Similar to Russian 130mm -- large projectile with various fuze types; PGM variants may have more complex fuzing
• Note: Gun-launched guided munitions represent newer EOD challenge

Sources

---

76mm H/PJ-26

designation: "H/PJ-26"
country_of_origin: "China (PRC)"
caliber: "76.2mm"

Key Details

• Based On: Russian AK-176
• Ammunition: HE fragmentation (anti-ship) + airburst (anti-air/missile)
• Ready Rounds: 150
• Rate of Fire: 30, 60, or 120 rpm (selectable)
• Max Range: 15.7 km (surface); 11 km ceiling (air)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Same as AK-176 -- standard 76mm UXO; airburst fuze variants

Sources

---

NAVAL GUN ROUNDS -- WESTERN

---

5"/54 & 5"/62 Mk 45

designation: "5\"/54 Mk 45 Mod 0-2; 5\"/62 Mk 45 Mod 4"
country_of_origin: "United States"
caliber: "127mm (5 inch)"

Ammunition Types

• Projectile Weight: ~31 kg (68 lb) complete round
• HE Fill: ~3.5 kg (7.75 lb)
• Rate of Fire: 16-20 rpm
• 5"/62 Advantage: Higher velocity, greater range, more complete propellant burn

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Multiple fuze types; VT/CVT proximity fuzes -- armed fuze UXO hazard; DPICM submunitions may scatter
• DPICM Hazard: Cargo rounds may dispense unexploded submunitions -- area denial UXO
• In Service With: USN, Japan MSDF, Royal Australian Navy, and 10+ navies

Sources

---

76mm OTO Melara

designation: "76/62 Compact / Super Rapid"
country_of_origin: "Italy"
caliber: "76mm (3 inch)"
manufacturer: "Leonardo (formerly OTO Melara)"

Ammunition

• Standard HE: 6.296 kg projectile
• Range: 16 km max; 8 km effective (surface); 10 km effective (air)
• Rate of Fire: 85 rpm (Compact); 120 rpm (Super Rapid)
• Types: HE, AP, incendiary, directed fragmentation (DART), guided rounds (Vulcano)
• DART Round: Sub-caliber guided projectile for anti-missile defense

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Multiple ammunition types; guided Vulcano round has GPS/INS guidance electronics + proximity fuze; DART round is sub-caliber with sabot
• In Service With: 60+ navies worldwide -- most widely exported medium-caliber naval gun

Sources

---

57mm Bofors Mk3

designation: "Bofors 57mm Mk3 (Mk 110)"
country_of_origin: "Sweden"
caliber: "57mm L/70"
manufacturer: "BAE Systems (Bofors)"

Ammunition -- 3P (Pre-fragmented, Programmable, Proximity-fuzed)

• Key Feature: All-target programmable ammunition
• Fuze Modes: 3 proximity settings, time, impact, armor-piercing
• Rate of Fire: 220 rpm
• Max Elevation: 78 degrees
• Feed: Dual-feed system (instant ammunition type switching)
• Muzzle Velocity Radar: Built-in for fire control

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: 3P programmable fuze -- multiple fuzing modes mean multiple failure modes for UXO; pre-fragmented body
• Render Safe Considerations: Programmable fuze electronics may be in unknown state; proximity fuze may be armed
• In Service With: USN (LCS, NSC), USCG (NSC, OPC), Royal Navy (Type 31), Finland, others

Sources

---

20mm Phalanx CIWS

designation: "Mk 15 Phalanx CIWS (M61 Vulcan)"
country_of_origin: "United States"
caliber: "20mm"

Ammunition

• Current Standard: Mk 244 ELC (Enhanced Lethality Cartridge)
  • 20mm APDS (Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot)
  • 15mm tungsten penetrator in plastic sabot
  • Mk 244: 48% heavier tungsten penetrator + aluminum nose piece
  • Muzzle Velocity: ~1,100 m/s (3,600 ft/s)
• Historical: Depleted uranium (DU) penetrator rounds (WITHDRAWN from service)
• Ready Rounds: 989 (early) or 1,500 (late Block 1B)

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Tungsten penetrator (or possible legacy DU rounds); high velocity -- deep penetration; APDS sabot components scattered
• DU Hazard: If legacy DU rounds encountered -- radiological contamination concern; alpha/beta radiation from DU fragments
• UXO Density: 4,500 rpm fire rate = massive number of projectiles in target area; sabot petals scattered over wide area

Sources

---

UNDERWATER DEMOLITIONS

---

Mk 138 Satchel Charge

designation: "Mk 138 Mod 1"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: ~1945 (still in service)
type: "Underwater demolition satchel charge"

Physical Characteristics

• Configuration: Canvas Mk 4 Mod 1 bag containing 10x Mk 35 C-4 charges
• Per Mk 35 Block: 2.5 lb (1.13 kg) C-4, waterproofed, with 3 ft primacord wrap + 9 ft lead
• Total Explosive: ~25 lb (11.3 kg) C-4
• Buoyancy: Internal air bladder for neutral buoyancy during swimmer transit

Design Features

• Attaching points and hooks for placement on pilings/structures
• Cotton rope section for tying to obstacles
• Air bladder in top flap for depth compensation
• Waterproof construction for underwater use

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: C-4 (RDX-based) -- stable but detonable by blasting cap; primacord detonation train
• Note: Designed for UDT/SEAL beach obstacle clearance; also suitable for land demolition
• In Service With: USN NSW, USN EOD

Sources

---

Mk 36 Destructor

designation: "Mk 36 Destructor"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1967
type: "Bottom mine (converted GP bomb)"
status: "Retired (Mods withdrawn 1970-1974)"

Design

• Concept: Mk 82 500 lb GP bomb + mine fuzing = bottom mine
• Family: Mk 36 (Mk 82), Mk 40 (Mk 83), Mk 41 (Mk 84)

Variants

Historical Use

• Deployed extensively to mine North Vietnamese harbors and rivers during Vietnam War
• Predecessor to Quickstrike mine family

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Standard Mk 82 bomb body + mine influence fuze; may still be encountered as legacy UXO in Southeast Asian waters
• Render Safe Considerations: Looks like standard Mk 82 bomb -- CHECK TAIL SECTION for mine TDD before treating as conventional bomb UXO
• Legacy UXO Threat: Vietnam War-era mines may still be in rivers/harbors

Sources

---

Limpet Mines (General)

type: "Diver-placed magnetic hull attachment mine"

General Specifications

• Attachment: Permanent magnets (neodymium or ferrite)
• Explosive Charge: Typically 1.5-3.5 lb (0.7-1.6 kg) HE; military grade up to 15+ lb
• Standard Fill: Tetryl/TNT 45/55 blend or C-4/PETN
• Fuzing: Delay timer (chemical or electronic), allows diver withdrawal
• Hull Penetration: 60mm plate (3.5 lb charge)

Common Types

• Mk 2/Mk 3 Limpet (US/UK WWII): 3.5 lb HE fill
• Maham 4 (Iran): Modern variant
• Various improvised designs: Non-state actors

EOD Relevance

• CRITICAL HAZARDS:
  • Underwater approach required for hull-attached mines
  • Delay fuze -- unknown time remaining
  • Possible anti-lift/anti-tamper switches
  • Magnetic attachment -- requires tool/force to remove
• Render Safe Considerations: Inspect for anti-handling devices before removal attempt; secure safety diver; plan for in-water detonation if RSP not feasible

Sources

---

M58 MICLIC Line Charge

designation: "M58 MICLIC (Mine Clearing Line Charge)"
country_of_origin: "United States"
year_introduced: 1988
type: "Rocket-projected mine clearance line charge"

Physical Characteristics

• Line Charge Length: 350 ft (107 m) -- three 100-ft sections + one 50-ft section
• Explosive: C-4, 5 lb per linear foot (total: ~1,750 lb C-4)
• Configuration: 700 blocks of C-4 on nylon rope
• Rocket: 5-inch Mk 22 Mod 4
• Clearing Lane: 8 m wide x 100 m long

System Components

• M353 or M200A1 trailer chassis
• Launcher assembly
• M147 firing kit
• M58A3 line charge
• Mk 22 Mod 4 rocket

EOD Relevance

• Hazards: Massive C-4 charge (1,750 lb); rocket motor; if misfired, unexploded line charge draped across terrain/water
• Render Safe Considerations: If rocket fails -- live rocket with C-4 payload; if charge fails to detonate -- 350 ft of live C-4 on nylon rope
• Note: Primarily land mine clearance but applicable to surf zone/beach obstacles

Sources

---

EOD HAZARD REFERENCE

---

Otto Fuel II Hazards

cas_number: "106602-80-6"
composition: "Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN) + dibutyl sebacate (desensitizer) + 2-nitrodiphenylamine (stabilizer)"
found_in: "Mk 48, Mk 46, Mk 54, Yu-6, UGST Fizik, and other torpedoes"

Health Effects

• Acute Exposure: Headaches (most common), poor eye-hand coordination, eye irritation, nasal congestion, nausea, dizziness, difficulty breathing
• Severe Exposure: Can be harmful or FATAL if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin
• Cardiovascular: Personnel with history of arrhythmia, angina, hypertension, or hypotension MUST NOT work with Otto fuel
• Exposure Routes: Inhalation of vapors, skin absorption, ingestion

Critical Safety Hazard

• HYDROGEN CYANIDE PRODUCTION: If Otto fuel II is vaporized (e.g., from torpedo "hot run" or fire), the stabilizer and desensitizer separate from the propellant, which becomes unstable enough to decompose violently. Reaction products include HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN) -- lethal at very low concentrations.

Required PPE

• Minimum: Pressure-demand SCBA or pressure-demand airline respirator
• Skin Protection: Chemical-resistant gloves and suit
• Ventilation: Required for all maintenance/handling operations

EOD Relevance

• Torpedo casualty on submarine: Otto fuel hot run produces HCN -- LETHAL in enclosed space
• Beached/recovered torpedoes: Fuel may be leaking; vapors accumulate in low areas
• Fire involving torpedo: Creates toxic cloud; HCN production; propellant decomposition may be violent

Sources

---

Lithium Battery Hazards

found_in: "Mk 50 Barracuda (SCEPS - lithium/SF6), various electric torpedoes, some mine electronics"

Mk 50 SCEPS-Specific Hazards

• Lithium Metal Block: Reacts VIOLENTLY with water (produces lithium hydroxide + hydrogen gas + extreme heat)
• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): Asphyxiant -- displaces oxygen in enclosed spaces; breakdown products are toxic
• Thermal Runaway: Damaged SCEPS section may self-ignite if lithium contacts moisture

General Torpedo Battery Hazards

• Silver-Zinc Batteries (Russian torpedoes): Corrosive potassium hydroxide electrolyte; hydrogen gas generation
• Silver Oxide-Aluminum (Black Shark): Corrosive electrolyte; aluminum reaction potential
• Lithium-Ion (modern electronics): Thermal runaway risk; toxic gas emission (CO, HF, VOCs); fire/explosion

EOD Relevance

• DO NOT submerge damaged SCEPS section in water -- lithium-water reaction
• Maintain ventilation when working near breached batteries
• Hydrogen gas from silver-zinc batteries -- explosion risk in enclosed spaces
• Thermal runaway cascade possible in damaged lithium-ion battery packs

Sources

---

Hydrogen Peroxide (HTP) Hazards

found_in: "Historical torpedoes (WWII German/British/Japanese), some experimental systems"
note: "Less common in modern torpedoes but encountered in legacy UXO"

Key Hazards

• High-Test Peroxide (HTP / H2O2 >80%): Powerful oxidizer; decomposes exothermically on contact with organic material or catalysts
• Auto-decomposition: Can decompose violently if contaminated; produces oxygen + steam + heat
• Fire/Explosion: Contact with fuel, oil, grease, or organic material can cause spontaneous ignition
• Skin Contact: Severe chemical burns; bleaching of tissue

Historical Context

• WWII German Type G7e electric torpedoes used HTP variants
• British Mk 8 torpedo used HTP
• Japanese Type 93 "Long Lance" used compressed oxygen (related hazard)
• Some experimental modern systems revisit HTP propulsion

EOD Relevance

• WWII torpedo UXO: HTP residue may still be present and reactive in recovered torpedoes
• Contamination: HTP-soaked materials may spontaneously ignite when disturbed
• Disposal: Specialized procedures required -- do not mix with fuel/oil; dilute with copious water

Sources

---

QUICK REFERENCE TABLE -- ALL TORPEDOES

---

This document is maintained as part of the EOD FieldKit OSINT database. All data sourced from open sources rated per SOURCE_RATING.md methodology. Cross-reference with official EOD technical publications for render-safe procedures.